The effect of aerobic training and complementary of vitamin D + omega-3 on metabolic syndrome indices in obese women
Subject Areas : Sport NutritionLeyla Ahmadpour 1 , Reza Rostami 2 * , Kimia Moeeni Afshari 3
1 - MSc in Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Human Sciences, Eslamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
2 - PhD student of Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Thran, Iran.
3 - MSc in Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Human Sciences, East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
Keywords: Metabolic syndrome, Vitamin D, Omega-3 fatty acid, obese women,
Abstract :
Background: Metabolic syndrome is a set of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Vitamin D plays an important role in the treatment and prevention of metabolic syndrome. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training and complementary of vitamin D + omega-3 on metabolic syndrome indices in obese women. Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study 40 women (26/4±7/6 yrs. 32/26±1/78kg/m2 ) Volunteered and they were randomly divided into four groups of 10 persons (aerobic training, vitamin D + omega-3 supplements, aerobic training + vitamin D + omega-3 supplements and control groups) . Aerobic training consisted of 12 week, 3 sessions of 1 hour each session at 60% of maximal oxygen consumption (1.6 km of treadmill walking). In supplement groups, supplementation was performed daily with 1000 IU vitamin D and 1000 mg fish oil. Blood samples were taken before and after the research protocol. Data were analyzed using covariance analysis test. Results: 12 weeks of aerobic training plus supplementation significantly reduced lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, insulin concentration, waist circumference and diastolic blood pressure and the maximum oxygen consumption was significantly increased (p≤0/05). Conclusion: Aerobic training is a safe and effective way to improve metabolic health. Also, combining vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids to modify metabolic syndrome-related indicators can increase the beneficial effects of training.
1. Johnson JL, Slentz CA, Houmard JA, Samsa GP, Duscha BD, Aiken LB, McCartney JS, Tanner CJ, Kraus WE. Exercise training amount and intensity effects on metabolic syndrome (from Studies of a Targeted Risk Reduction Intervention through Defined Exercise). Am J Cardiol. 2007 Dec 15;100(12):1759-66. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2007.07.027. Epub 2007 Oct 29. PMID: 18082522; PMCID: PMC2190779.
2. Wamberg L, Kampmann U, Stødkilde-Jørgensen H, Rejnmark L, Pedersen SB, Richelsen B. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on body fat accumulation, inflammation, and metabolic risk factors in obese adults with low vitamin D levels - results from a randomized trial. Eur J Intern Med. 2013 Oct;24(7):644-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2013.03.005. Epub 2013 Apr 6. PMID: 23566943.
3. Ebrahimi H, Emamian MH, Shariati M, Hashemi H, Fotouhi A. Metabolic syndrome and its risk factors among middle aged population of Iran, a population based study. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2016; 10(1):19-22) Persian (.PMID: 26341930
4. Martini LA, Wood RJ. Vitamin D status and the metabolic syndrome. Nutr Rev. 2006 Nov;64(11):479-86. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2006.tb00180.x. PMID: 17131943.
5. Kang SJ, Kim EH, Ko KJ. Effects of aerobic exercise on the resting heart rate, physical fitness, and arterial stiffness of female patients with metabolic syndrome. J Phys Ther Sci. 2016 Jun;28(6):1764-8. doi: 10.1589/jpts.28.1764. Epub 2016 Jun 28. PMID: 27390411; PMCID: PMC4932052.
6. Ebrahimi M, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Rezaiean S, Hoseini M, Parizade SM, Farhoudi F, Hosseininezhad SJ, Tavallaei S, Vejdani A, Azimi-Nezhad M, Shakeri MT, Rad MA, Mobarra N, Kazemi-Bajestani SM, Ferns GA. Omega-3 fatty acid supplements improve the cardiovascular risk profile of subjects with metabolic syndrome, including markers of inflammation and auto-immunity. Acta Cardiol. 2009 Jun;64(3):321-7. doi: 10.2143/AC.64.3.2038016. PMID: 19593941.
7. Carpentier YA, Portois L, Malaisse WJ. n-3 fatty acids and the metabolic syndrome. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Jun;83(6 Suppl):1499S-1504S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1499S. PMID: 16841860
8. Kim YS, Xun P, He K. Fish consumption, long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake and risk of metabolic syndrome: a meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2015 Mar 24;7(4):2085-100. doi: 10.3390/nu7042085. PMID: 25811108; PMCID: PMC4425132.
9. Akbari Kamrani A A, Shams A, Abdoli B, Shamsipour Dehkordi P. The Effect of Low and Moderate Intensity Aerobic Exercises on Self-Concept in Older Adults. Iranian Journal of Ageing. 2015; 10(2): 188-195) Persian (.URL: http://salmandj.uswr.ac.ir/article-1-713-en.html
10. Ebbeling. The single stage treadmill walking. The Canadian physical activity, fitness and lifestyle approach, 3 nd edition. CSEP.2011.
11. Salehpour A, Shidfar F, Hosseinpanah F, Vafa M, Razaghi M, Amiri F. Does vitamin D3 supplementation improve glucose homeostasis in overweight or obese women? A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Diabet Med. 2013 Dec;30(12):1477-81. doi: 10.1111/dme.12273. Epub 2013 Jul 27. PMID: 23822797.
12. Colombo CM, de Macedo RM, Fernandes-Silva MM, Caporal AM, Stinghen AE, Costantini CR, Baena CP, Guarita-Souza LC, Faria-Neto JR. Short-term effects of moderate intensity physical activity in patients with metabolic syndrome. Einstein (Sao Paulo). 2013 Jul-Sep;11(3):324-30. doi: 10.1590/s1679-45082013000300011. PMID: 24136759; PMCID: PMC4878591.
13. Kim YS, Hwang JH, Song MR. The Association Between Vitamin D Deficiency and Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adolescents. J Pediatr Nurs. 2018 Jan-Feb;38:e7-e11. doi: 10.1016/j.pedn.2017.11.005. Epub 2017 Dec 6. PMID: 29212598.
14. Wang H, Xia N, Yang Y, Peng DQ. Influence of vitamin D supplementation on plasma lipid profiles: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Lipids Health Dis. 2012 Mar 20;11:42. doi: 10.1186/1476-511X-11-42. PMID: 22433171; PMCID: PMC3325888.
15. Cauza E, Hanusch-Enserer U, Strasser B, Ludvik B, Metz-Schimmerl S, Pacini G, Wagner O, Georg P, Prager R, Kostner K, Dunky A, Haber P. The relative benefits of endurance and strength training on the metabolic factors and muscle function of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005 Aug;86(8):1527-33. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2005.01.007. PMID: 16084803.
16. Soori R, Khosravi N, Yazdandoust Baygi H, Khademi H. The Effect of Continual and Alternative Aerobic Training intensity on Visfatin and RBP4 Serum Levels in Obese Women with Type II Diabetes. jms. 2016; 3 (4):1-9 )Persian (.URL: http://jms.thums.ac.ir/article-1-292-en.html
17. Chen C, Yu X, Shao S. Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Glucose Control and Lipid Levels in Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS One. 2015 Oct 2;10(10):e0139565. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139565. PMID: 26431431; PMCID: PMC4591987.
18. Fayh APT, Borges K, Cunha GS, Krause M, Rocha R, de Bittencourt PIH Jr, Moreira JCF, Friedman R, da Silva Rossato J, Fernandes JR, Reischak-Oliveira A. Effects of n-3 fatty acids and exercise on oxidative stress parameters in type 2 diabetic: a randomized clinical trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2018 Apr 23;15:18. doi: 10.1186/s12970-018-0222-2. PMID: 29713249; PMCID: PMC5914016.
19. Al-Sofiani ME, Jammah A, Racz M, Khawaja RA, Hasanato R, El-Fawal HA, Mousa SA, Mason DL. Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Glucose Control and Inflammatory Response in Type II Diabetes: A Double Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Jan 10;13(1):e22604. doi: 10.5812/ijem.22604. PMID: 25745497; PMCID: PMC4338666.
20. roshanzamer F, Hamayeli Mehrabani H, Meshkibaf M H, Mahmoodi M, Bizhani R, Khorshid A. Comparing the Amount of 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D3 Concentrated in Serum of Normal and Overweight/ Obese Women and Its Relation to Metabolic Syndrome. JABS. 2014; 4 (2) :194-200
URL: http://jabs.fums.ac.ir/article-1-487-en.html
21. Poudyal H, Panchal SK, Diwan V, Brown L. Omega-3 fatty acids and metabolic syndrome: effects and emerging mechanisms of action. Prog Lipid Res. 2011 Oct;50(4):372-87. doi: 10.1016/j.plipres.2011.06.003. Epub 2011 Jul 3. PMID: 21762726.
22. Davidson MH. Mechanisms for the hypotriglyceridemic effect of marine omega-3 fatty acids. Am J Cardiol. 2006 Aug 21;98(4A):27i-33i. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2005.12.024. Epub 2006 May 26. PMID: 16919514.
23. Poursoleiman F, Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Biregani AN. Does omega-3 fatty acid supplementation have beneficial effects on plasma homocysteine, insulin resistance and lipid profile of type 2 diabetic patients? A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Nutrition and Food Security. 2018; 3(1):40-50) Persian (.URL: http://jnfs.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-127-en.html
24. MacLean CH, Mojica WA, Morton SC, Pencharz J, Hasenfeld Garland R, Tu W, Newberry SJ, Jungvig LK, Grossman J, Khanna P, Rhodes S, Shekelle P. Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on lipids and glycemic control in type II diabetes and the metabolic syndrome and on inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, renal disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and osteoporosis. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ). 2004 Mar;(89):1-4. PMID: 15133890; PMCID: PMC4780987.
25. Pescatello, L.S., Blanchard, B.E., Van Heest, J.L. et al. The Metabolic Syndrome and the immediate antihypertensive effects of aerobic exercise: a randomized control design. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 8, 12 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2261-8-12
26. Kang SJ, Kim EH, Ko KJ. Effects of aerobic exercise on the resting heart rate, physical fitness, and arterial stiffness of female patients with metabolic syndrome. J Phys Ther Sci. 2016 Jun;28(6):1764-8. doi: 10.1589/jpts.28.1764. Epub 2016 Jun 28. PMID: 27390411; PMCID: PMC4932052.
27. Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Loloei S, Mirjalili MR, Barzegar K. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure in patients with elevated blood pressure and vitamin D deficiency: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Blood Press Monit. 2015 Apr;20(2):83-91. doi: 10.1097/MBP.0000000000000091. PMID: 25350782.
28. Filipovic MG, Aeschbacher S, Reiner MF, Stivala S, Gobbato S, Bonetti N, Risch M, Risch L, Camici GG, Luescher TF, von Schacky C, Conen D, Beer JH. Whole blood omega-3 fatty acid concentrations are inversely associated with blood pressure in young, healthy adults. J Hypertens. 2018 Jul;36(7):1548-1554. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001728. PMID: 29570511; PMCID: PMC6085127.
29. Toft I, Bønaa KH, Ingebretsen OC, Nordøy A, Jenssen T. Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on glucose homeostasis and blood pressure in essential hypertension. A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1995 Dec 15;123(12):911-8. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-123-12-199512150-00003. PMID: 7486485.
30. Milanović Z, Sporiš G, Weston M. Effectiveness of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIT) and Continuous Endurance Training for VO2max Improvements: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials. Sports Med. 2015 Oct;45(10):1469-81. doi: 10.1007/s40279-015-0365-0. PMID: 26243014.
31. Ferrington L, Bell S, Robertson A, Revuelta-Iniesta R. Effect of Vitamin D supplementation on aerobic exercise performance in healthy adults; a randomised single blinded placebo controlled pilot study. EC Nutrition. 2016; 5(2): 1128-1136. Corpus ID: 51843838
32. Fairbairn KA, Ceelen IJ, Skeaff C M, Cameron C M, Perry T L. Vitamin D3 Supplementation Does Not Improve Sprint Performance in Professional Rugby Players: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Intervention Study. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism.2018; 28(1):1-9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0157
33. Haghravan S, Keshavarz SA, Mazaheri R, Alizadeh Z, Mansournia MA. Effect of Omega-3 PUFAs Supplementation with Lifestyle Modification on Anthropometric Indices and Vo2 max in Overweight Women. Arch Iran Med. 2016 May;19(5):342-7. PMID: 27179166.
34. Mathunjwa ML, Semple SJ, du Preez C. A 10-week aerobic exercise program reduces cardiometabolic disease risk in overweight/obese female African university students. Ethn Dis. 2013 Spring;23(2):143-8. PMID: 23530293.
35. Najarzadeh A , Esteghamati A , Fallahzadeh H , Saeedi E . Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Anthropometric Parameters in Patients with Metabolic Syndrom .tbj.2015;13(2):25-36) Persian (.URL: http://tbj.ssu.ac.ir/article-1-1016-en.html
36. Keating SE, Hackett D A, Parker H M, O’Connor HT, Gerofi J A, Sainsbury A, etal . Effect of aerobic exercise training dose on liver fat and visceral adiposity. Journal of hepatology. 2015; 63(1): 174-182. PMID: 25863524