Long-term effect of endurance training with myoclinic diet and calorie control on fat profile of overweight women
Subject Areas : Sport NutritionMaryam Rasouli Saniabadi 1 , Abdolrasoul Daneshjoo 2 * , Alireza Eizadi 3
1 - Master of Exercise physiology, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2 - Assistant Prof., Dept. of Exercise bio mechanic, Faculty of Human Sciences, East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
3 - Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Keywords: endurance exercise, myoclinic diet, Calorie restriction, lipid profile,
Abstract :
Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term effect of endurance exercise combined with myoclinic diet and Calorie restriction on the lipid profile of overweight women. Materials and Methods: The method of the present study was semi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design. For this purpose, 45 women referred to the Tehran Region 1 Fitness Club with a body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 30 and in the age group of 35 to 45 years voluntarily participated in this study. Subjects were homogeneously divided into three groups of 15 people based on weight, height and body mass index, including the endurance training group with myoclinic diet, the endurance training group with Calorie restriction and the endurance training group alone. Endurance exercise was three sessions per week for eight weeks. The program, 30 minutes of aerobic exercise, starting at 65% of maximum heart rate and increasing by 5% every two weeks until it reached 80% of maximum heart rate in the last week. The recommended diet for the endurance training groups with the Myoclink diet and the endurance training group with the Calorie restriction was given. Endurance training was also asked not to change their normal diet. Subjects' lipid profiles were measured before and after the training protocol. One-way ANOVA use for data analyses. Results: The results showed that in overweight women endurance training combined with myoclinic diet and endurance training combined with Calorie restriction improve the lipid profile (lowering total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels and increasing HDL) more than endurance training alone. (P ≤ 0.05) ؛ Also, there was no significant difference between the effect of endurance training with myoclinic diet and endurance training with Calorie restriction on improving lipid profile. (P ≥ 0.05) Conclusion: Combining endurance training with myoclinic diet or calorie control can be effective in improving the fat profile.
1. Adams KF, Schatzkin A, Harris TB, Kipnis V, Mouw T, Ballard-Barbash R, Hollenbeck A, Leitzmann MF. Overweight, obesity, and mortality in a large prospective cohort of persons 50 to 71 years old. N Engl J Med. 2006 Aug 24;355(8):763-78. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa055643. Epub 2006 Aug 22. PMID: 16926275.
2. Robert A. Robergs 1392. Basic principles of sports physiology. Translated by Gaini A. University of Tehran Press.
3. , William J. Kramer, Steven G. Fleck, Michael Ardschens: 1394. Sports Physiology Combining Theory and Practice. Translated by Gaini A. Daryanush F. Definite publications.
4. Ghanbari-Niaki A, Saghebjoo M, Soltani R, Kirwan JP. Plasma visfatin is increased after high-intensity exercise. Ann Nutr Metab 2010; 57: 3-8. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/45097385_Plasma_Visfatin_Is_Increased_after_High-Intensity_Exercise
5. Holewijn S, den Heijer M, Swinkels DW, Stalenhoef AF, de Graaf J. Apolipoprotein B, non-HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol for identifying individuals at increased cardiovascular risk. J Intern Med. 2010 Dec;268(6):567-77. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02277.x. PMID: 21091808.
6. Abedi, B.;azarbayjani, M.A.; peri, M.; rasaei M. (2011). The Effect of acute resistance training on serum adiponectin and insulin resistance index in sedentary men: Arak Medical University Journal (AMUJ): 14(58):53-62 (Article in Persian).
7. Colin Campbell, Thomas Campbell: 2012, "Animal Protein". Translated by Arash Hosseinian, first edition, under the license of shared distribution and reproduction, pp. 117- 8 116.
8. Choi KM, Ryu OH, Lee KW, Kim HY, Seo JA, Kim SG, Kim NH, Choi DS, Baik SH. Serum adiponectin, interleukin-10 levels and inflammatory markers in the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007 Feb;75(2):235-40. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2006.06.019. Epub 2006 Jul 26. PMID: 16872712.
9. Dyslipidaemia and exercise . 2014.Exercise is Medicine Australia, Locked Bag 102 Albion DC QLD 4010.
10. Martins C, Kulseng B, King NA, Holst JJ, Blundell JE. The effects of exercise-induced weight loss on appetite-related peptides and motivation to eat. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Apr;95(4):1609-16. doi: 10.1210/jc.2009-2082. Epub 2010 Feb 11. PMID: 20150577.
11. Srivastava, N. ATP binding cassette transporter A1 - key roles in cellular lipid transport and atherosclerosis. Mol Cell Biochem 237, 155–164 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016506221047
12. Oh R, Gilani B, Uppaluri KR. Low Carbohydrate Diet. 2021 Jul 12. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan–. PMID: 30725769.
13. Cano SS, Azpíroz ID, Motte SJ, Bachs AM, Battino M, Villar SG. Are miracle diets miraculous? Review and analysis of a specific case: the Mayo Clinic Diet. Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism. 2009;2(3):221.
14. Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición (2007) Riesgos para la salud. “Dietas Milagro”. In: Novedades. Agencia Española de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición. Available via Portal de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutrición. http://ww w.ae -san.msc.es/aesa/web/AesaPageServer?idpage=89&idcontent=72 Accessed 6 March 2009.
15. Wong PC, Chia MY, Tsou IY, Wansaicheong GK, Tan B, Wang JC, Tan J, Kim CG, Boh G, Lim D. Effects of a 12-week exercise training programme on aerobic fitness, body composition, blood lipids and C-reactive protein in adolescents with obesity. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2008 Apr;37(4):286-93. PMID: 18461212.
16. Stengel A, Goebel M, Wang L, Rivier J, Kobelt P, Mönnikes H, Lambrecht NW, Taché Y. Central nesfatin-1 reduces dark-phase food intake and gastric emptying in rats: differential role of corticotropin-releasing factor2 receptor. Endocrinology. 2009 Nov;150(11):4911-9. doi: 10.1210/en.2009-0578. Epub 2009 Oct 1. PMID: 19797401; PMCID: PMC2775975.
17. Ron Mogan, Michael Gleason and Paul Allen, Green Hoff: 2010, "Biochemistry of Sports Activities" translated by Abbas Ali Gaini and Mohammad Reza Hamedinia, fifth edition, Samat Publications, pp. 141-138, 151-154.
18. Kenneth H. Cooper: 2012, "Natural Ways to Lower Blood Lipids (Cholesterol)". Translated by Maryam Atari and Shahrzad Zamani, third edition, Kitab-e-Publishing, pp. 23-32,
19. Bakhtyar Tartibian; Mehdi Kushkestani; Shiva Ebrahimpour Nosrani. "The Effect of 12-Week Endurance Training on Lipid Profiles and Fat Percentage of Overweight Girls". New Approaches in Sport Sciences, 1, 1, 2019, 189-200. doi: 10.22054/nass.2019.10134
20. Naghie, M; Alamdadi, M: 1390, "The effect of regular physical activity as an essential part of lifestyle modification on reducing cardiovascular risk factors." Knowledge and Health Quarterly: Volume 6, Number 1, pp. 35-27 12.
21. Trapp EG, Chisholm DJ, Freund J, Boutcher SH. The effects of high-intensity intermittent exercise training on fat loss and fasting insulin levels of young women. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008 Apr;32(4):684-91. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803781. Epub 2008 Jan 15. PMID: 18197184.
22. Nazem F, Mehrabani S, Jalili M. Investigating Blood Lipid Profile and Insulin Resistance Index in Middle Aged Overweight Women who Do Yoga and Aerobics. JRUMS. 2018; 17 (3) :187-200
URL: http://journal.rums.ac.ir/article-1-3929-en.html
23. Roya Askari, Ali Asghar Ravasi, Abbas Ali Gaini, Mehdi Hedayati, Mohammad Reza Hamedinia. The effect of endurance and combination training on plasma levels of adipokines, growth hormone and lipid profile in overweight girls. Source: Biosciences Sports Year 6 Winter 2014 No. 4 (23 consecutive)
24. Haghighi, A., Yaghoubi, M., & Hosseini Kakhk, S. (1392). The effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise and green tea supplementation on body fat percentage and serum lipid profile of obese and overweight women. Journal of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, 56 (4), -. Retrieved from https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=221151
25. Andersen T, McNair P, Hyldstrup L, Fogh-Andersen N, Nielsen TT, Astrup A, Transbøl I. Secondary hyperparathyroidism of morbid obesity regresses during weight reduction. Metabolism. 1988 May;37(5):425-8. doi: 10.1016/0026-0495(88)90041-8. PMID: 3367788.
26. American Heart Association Nutrition Committee, Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ, Brands M, Carnethon M, Daniels S, Franch HA, Franklin B, Kris-Etherton P, Harris WS, Howard B, Karanja N, Lefevre M, Rudel L, Sacks F, Van Horn L, Winston M, Wylie-Rosett J. Diet and lifestyle recommendations revision 2006: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Nutrition Committee. Circulation. 2006 Jul 4;114(1):82-96. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.176158. Epub 2006 Jun 19. Erratum in: Circulation. 2006 Dec 5;114(23):e629. Erratum in: Circulation. 2006 Jul 4;114(1):e27. PMID: 16785338.
27. Stoedefalke K, Armstrong N, Kirby BJ, Welsman JR. Effect of training on peak oxygen uptake and blood lipids in 13 to 14-year-old girls. Acta Paediatr. 2000 Nov;89(11):1290-4. doi: 10.1080/080352500300002453. PMID: 11106038.
28. Wang JS, Chow SE. Effects of exercise training and detraining on oxidized low-density lipoprotein-potentiated platelet function in men. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004 Sep;85(9):1531-7. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2003.08.112. PMID: 15375830.
29. Gjuladin-Hellon T, Davies IG, Penson P, Amiri Baghbadorani R. Effects of carbohydrate-restricted diets on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in overweight and obese adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev. 2019 Mar 1;77(3):161-180. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nuy049. PMID: 30544168.
30. Lu M, Wan Y, Yang B, Huggins CE, Li D. Effects of low-fat compared with high-fat diet on cardiometabolic indicators in people with overweight and obesity without overt metabolic disturbance: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Nutr. 2018 Jan;119(1):96-108. doi: 10.1017/S0007114517002902. Epub 2017 Dec 7. PMID: 29212558.
31. Ludwig DS, Ebbeling CB. The Carbohydrate-Insulin Model of Obesity: Beyond "Calories In, Calories Out". JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Aug 1;178(8):1098-1103. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.2933. PMID: 29971406; PMCID: PMC6082688.
32. Ebbeling CB, Swain JF, Feldman HA, Wong WW, Hachey DL, Garcia-Lago E, Ludwig DS. Effects of dietary composition on energy expenditure during weight-loss maintenance. JAMA. 2012 Jun 27;307(24):2627-34. doi: 10.1001/jama.2012.6607. PMID: 22735432; PMCID: PMC3564212.
33. Burneiko RC, Diniz YS, Galhardi CM, Rodrigues HG, Ebaid GM, Faine LA, Padovani CR, Cicogna AC, Novelli EL. Interaction of hypercaloric diet and physical exercise on lipid profile, oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses. Food Chem Toxicol. 2006 Jul;44(7):1167-72. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2006.01.004. Epub 2006 Mar 3. PMID: 16516366.
34. Christiansen T, Paulsen SK, Bruun JM, Ploug T, Pedersen SB, Richelsen B. Diet-induced weight loss and exercise alone and in combination enhance the expression of adiponectin receptors in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, but only diet-induced weight loss enhanced circulating adiponectin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Feb;95(2):911-9. doi: 10.1210/jc.2008-2505. Epub 2009 Dec 8. PMID: 19996310.
35. Aboozar Jorbonian; Hamid Mohebbi. "The Effect of Aerobic Exercise and Calorie Restriction on Intramuscular GLUT4 and DAG Levels in Obese Male Rats". Journal of Sport Biosciences, 9, 4, 2017, 501-514. doi: 10.22059/jsb.2018.66075
36. Nicklas BJ, Wang X, You T, Lyles MF, Demons J, Easter L, Berry MJ, Lenchik L, Carr JJ. Effect of exercise intensity on abdominal fat loss during calorie restriction in overweight and obese postmenopausal women: a randomized, controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Apr;89(4):1043-52. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26938. Epub 2009 Feb 11. PMID: 19211823; PMCID: PMC2667455.
37. Cartee GD. 2008. Exercise and calorie restriction use different mechanisms to improve insulin sensitivity. In: Hawley JA and Zierath JR, ed. Physical Activity and Type 2 Diabetes. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. 119-134
38. Argentino DP, Dominici FP, Al-Regaiey K, Bonkowski MS, Bartke A, Turyn D. Effects of long-term caloric restriction on early steps of the insulin-signaling system in mouse skeletal muscle. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005 Jan;60(1):28-34. doi: 10.1093/gerona/60.1.28. PMID: 15741279.
39. Argentino DP, Muñoz MC, Rocha JS, Bartke A, Turyn D, Dominici FP. Short-term caloric restriction does not modify the in vivo insulin signaling pathway leading to Akt activation in skeletal muscle of Ames dwarf (Prop1(df)/Prop1(df)) mice. Horm Metab Res. 2005 Nov;37(11):672-9. doi: 10.1055/s-2005-870577. PMID: 16308835.
40. Sharma N, Arias EB, Bhat AD, et al. Mechanisms for increased insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation and glucose uptake in fast- and slow-twitch skeletal muscles of calorie-restricted rats. American Journal of physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2011 Jun;300(6):E966-78. DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00659.2010. PMID: 21386065; PMCID: PMC3118592.
41. . Balage M, Grizard J, Manin M. Effect of calorie restriction on skeletal muscle and liver insulin binding in growing rat. Horm Metab Res. 1990 Apr;22(4):207-14. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1004886. PMID: 2161787.
42. Munich, Kh., And Kashif, M., and Azad, A. (1395). The effect of conjugated linoleic acid supplementation on body composition, serum leptin and muscle strength in non-athlete men. Food Science and Nutrition, 13 (3 (consecutive 51)), 15-24. https://www.sid.ir/fa/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=261563