The effect of resistance training and testosterone consumption on Caspse3 gene expression in the heart tissue of male Wistar rats

perIslamic Azad University, East Tehran Branch-IAU- Humanities and social sciencesJournal of Sports Physiology and Athletic Conditioning2783-30382783-30382025-06515110articleThe effect of resistance training and testosterone consumption on Caspse3 gene expression in the heart tissue of male Wistar ratsReyhane Ghaneireyhaneh.ghanei@gmail.com1َAbdolali BanaeifarBanaeifar@gmail.com2Sajad Arshadiarshadi.sajad@yahoo.com3Ali Gorzialigorzi1982@gmail.com4Background: Studies show that cardiac tissue is one of the tissues that may be damaged as a result of anabolic steroid abuse. The aim of the present study was to study the effect of eight weeks of resistance training and testosterone consumption on the expression of caspase 3 under resistance training in the heart tissue of male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: In this study, 21 male Wistar rats (8 weeks old) with a mean weight of 252.20 ± 11.70 g were selected and divided into 3 groups: control, resistance training, and resistance training + testosterone. The resistance training protocol was performed five days a week (four sets of six with a rest of 60 to 90 seconds) in the form of climbing a 1-meter ladder, in which the weights were increased to 60% of the body weight in the first week and 20% of the rats' body weight each week. Testosterone enanthate injection was performed intramuscularly at a dose of 20 mg/kg, 3 days a week. To analyze the research findings, one-way analysis of variance test and Tukey's post hoc test were used to show the difference between groups (p≥0.05). Results: The results showed that the expression of caspase 3 in the exercise + testosterone group increased significantly compared to the control group (P=0.001). However, these changes in the exercise group did not show a significant difference compared to the control group (P≥0.05). Also, no significant change was observed between the two exercise and exercise + testosterone groups (P≥0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, it can be said that the use of supraphysiological doses of testosterone enanthate along with resistance training can increase apoptotic factors in the heart tissue of rats consuming enanthate and increase the possibility of myocardial damage.http://jspac.etb.iau.ir/Article/49796Resistance training Caspase 3 heart tissue testosterone enanthate Wistar ratsperIslamic Azad University, East Tehran Branch-IAU- Humanities and social sciencesJournal of Sports Physiology and Athletic Conditioning2783-30382783-30382025-065151130articleThe selected rehabilitation exercise program effect on the social development of autistic children - a single-subject studySeyedeh Maedeh Basamtabarmbasamtabar@gmail.com1 keyanmolanoruzi@yahoo.com2 elahearabameri@yahoo.com3Ali Kashialikashi@yahoo.com4Ph.D. candidate in Motor Behavior, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranDepartment of motor behavior and sport psychology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.Associate professor, Faculty of Sports and Health, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.Associate Professor of Behavioral Sciences in sport, Sport Sciences Research Institute, Tehran, IranBackground: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by being one of the most prevalent developmental disorders, marked by difficulties in motor skills, social interactions, repetitive behaviors, and movements. With the rising prevalence of autism, the challenges and impact of this condition on children, their families, and the broader community underscore the necessity for an extensive rehabilitation training program designed to enhance the social development skills of autistic children from early childhood through elementary school years. Hence, the objective of this study is to explore the impact of a targeted rehabilitation training program on the social development of autistic children. Materials and Methods: For this research and case study, we chose two autistic children, from a rehabilitation center in Tehran. This selection was made through the A-B-A method, considering their HFA and IQ scores (60-90). The participants were a 12-year-old boy with an IQ score of 67 and an 11-year-old girl with an IQ score of 60. Following their parents' approval, they agreed to take part in the study. Results: The results of the T-test showed the significant effect of eight weeks of functional and Extra functional exercises on dorsi Flexion, Plantar Flexion and ground reaction force. (P≤ 0/001). Result: The research indicated that the targeted rehabilitation activities were successful in enhancing the social abilities of children with autism. In male and female subjects, the mean scores of the Vineland test increased in the post-intervention phase. They demonstrated improvement across all subtests related to general self-help, self-help in eating, self-help in dressing, self-leadership or self-direction, movement and mobility, as well as communication and sociability. Conclusion: The results indicate that a 12-week program of targeted rehabilitation activities, incorporating play and rhythmic exercises, enhances a child's ability to engage with peers, improve coordination, increase involvement, and boost self-assurance and social abilities in children with autism.http://jspac.etb.iau.ir/Article/49318autism targeted exercise program social growthperIslamic Azad University, East Tehran Branch-IAU- Humanities and social sciencesJournal of Sports Physiology and Athletic Conditioning2783-30382783-30382025-065153140articleThe effects of aerobic exercise and Pistacia vera hull ethanol extract on the expression of superoxide dismutase in rats on a high-fat diet.Hadi Barshanhadi.barshan.20@gmail.com1Mohammad Ali Azarbayjaniali.azarbayjani@gmail.com2Saleh Rahmatisalehrahmati@pardisiau.ac.ir3Maghsoud Peerimpeeri@iauctb.ac.ir4Background: During aerobic metabolism, skeletal muscle produces significant amounts of superoxide anion due to electron leakage from the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme is one of the most critical enzymes for neutralizing reactive oxygen species. However, obesity weakens an antioxidant defense system, especially SOD, and obese people are more sensitive to oxidative damage. Aerobic exercise and medicinal plants can reduce obesity-induced oxidative stress in skeletal muscle tissue. Since the effect of aerobic exercise and pistachio peel extract on SOD gene expression has not been investigated, the present study intends to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise and Pistacia vera hull ethanol extract (PVHEE)on SOD gene expression in rats fed a high-fat diet. Materials and Methods: In an experimental study, 30 young female Wistar rats aged 12 weeks and weighing 180-200 grams were selected as subjects and randomly divided into 5 groups (n=6 in each group), including control Normal diet, high-fat diet control, aerobic exercise, receiving PVHEE, aerobic exercise and receiving PVHEE were divided. The program of aerobic training was four weeks and five sessions of running on the treadmill for rodents in the range of 50-60% Vo2Max. Sixty milligrams per kilogram of body weight of ethanol extract of pistachio skin were fed to rats by gavage for four weeks and five times a week. Following completion of the interventions, soleus muscle tissue was removed to determine SOD gene expression by real-time PCR. Results: SOD gene expression in the group fed high-fat diet was significantly lower than in the group fed normal diet (p=0.0001). Four weeks of aerobic exercise (p=0.04), PVHEE (p=0.02) and the combination of aerobic exercise - PVHEE (p=0.0001) caused a significant increase in SOD gene expression compared to the control group. The highest SOD expression was observed in the aerobic exercise and PVHEE group. Conclusion: The results obtained from the present study showed that feeding with high-fat diet weakens the enzymatic antioxidant defense system of skeletal muscle by reducing SOD gene expression. Both aerobic exercise and PVHEE can prevent the weakening of the antioxidant defense system of muscle tissue. This will reduce skeletal muscle oxidative damage.http://jspac.etb.iau.ir/Article/49275Pistacia vera hull ethanol extract SOD aerobic exercise obesityperIslamic Azad University, East Tehran Branch-IAU- Humanities and social sciencesJournal of Sports Physiology and Athletic Conditioning2783-30382783-30382025-065154143articleEffects of Exercise-induced myokines on cardiac function: Muscle– cardiac Crosstalk in health and diseasesReza Sabzevari Radsabzevarireza63@yahoo.com1Recent studies have shown that skeletal muscle serves as a secretory organ that can produce cytokines and other muscle fiber-derived peptides [1]. The contraction of skeletal muscle cells has been found to release humoral factors that regulate metabolic processes [2]. Cytokines and peptides released from skeletal muscle are generally classified as “myokines.” In general, myokines are muscle-derived molecules that perform physiological and pathological functions and maintain systemic homeostasis. Myokines regulate whole body metabolism in an autocrine, paracrine, or hormonal manner [3]. On the one hand, myofiber-induced myokines have positive autocrine and paracrine effects on satellite cell proliferation and muscle hypertrophy [4]. This can provide a feedback loop for the muscles to adapt to exercise training. On the other hand, myokines perform physiological functions by interacting with other distant non-muscular organs at the hormonal level and play an important role in mediating whole-body effects [5]. Emerging evidence suggests that myokines derived from skeletal muscle can improve human health and alleviate many diseases [6]. Numerous studies have shown that muscle mass and function are associated with cardiovascular disease risk [7]. Physical exercise improves cardiovascular health by releasing myokines, which promote the well-known protective effects and functions of the cardiovascular system. Myokines that affect cardiovascular health include dermcidin, follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1), myonectin, apelin, and musclin (Figure 1). Dermcidin secreted by ischemic skeletal muscle may be an important novel myokine that mediates muscle-cardiac cross talk and modulates cardiomyocyte survival and function by controlling cardiomyocyte apoptosis [8]. FSTL1 attenuates neointima formation in response to arterial injury by inhibiting muscle cell proliferation through an AMPK-dependent mechanism [9-11]. Furthermore, FSTL1 promotes endothelial cell function and stimulates revascularization in response to Akt-eNOS-induced ischemic signaling [12]. Abundantly expressed in skeletal muscle tissue, Myonectin is strongly induced in differentiated myotubes and expressed primarily in skeletal muscle. myonectin modulates the response to acute ischemic heart injury and protects the heart from ischemic reperfusion injury by inhibiting apoptosis and inflammatory responses in a mouse exercise model, thus mediating the beneficial effects of exercise on cardiovascular health [13]. Apelin binds to the APJ receptor and acts as an essential mediator of cardiovascular homeostasis and is involved in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease [14]. Hearts treated with Apelin show increased sensitivity to Ca2+, which may protect against hypertrophy and support cardiac function during the transition to heart failure [14]. In addition, the Apelin/APJ system attenuates cardiac hypertrophy induced by angiotensin II, oxidative stress and exercise [15]. In addition to apelin, muscle binds to natriuretic peptide clearance receptors and is involved in blood pressure regulation [16-19].http://jspac.etb.iau.ir/Article/49166Exercisemyokines cardiac functionMuscleCrosstalk perIslamic Azad University, East Tehran Branch-IAU- Humanities and social sciencesJournal of Sports Physiology and Athletic Conditioning2783-30382783-30382025-065154461articleNettle Supplementation Augments the Benefits of Combined Training on blood Glucose control and inflammatory factors in women with type 2 diabetesSolmaz Babaeis.babaei@maragheh.ac.ir1Samaneh Dastahs.dastah@maragheh.ac.ir2Background: Although consumption of nettle can change the inflammatory response in diabetic patients and may increase the benefits of exercise, no research has yet quantified the simultaneous effect of exercise and consumption of nettle on inflammatory indicators in diabetic patients. This research aims to investigate the effects of 12 weeks of combined training with nettle consumption on inflammatory factors in women with type 2 diabetes Materials and Methods: The participants (N=60) were randomly distributed into four groups, each consisting of 15 participants: Combined Training group (Com), Nettle Supplement group (NS), Combined Training + Nettle Supplement (Com+NS), Control Group. The intervention comprised a 12-week treatment involving Nettle supplementation, a 12-week combined training (aerobic resistance-periodic) protocol with three sessions per week. Serum levels of blood glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, CRPT3, IL-1β and IL-33 were measured within 48 h of the before and final training session. Results: Statistical analyses revealed significant differences across all measures among the groups (p < 0.05). The combined training and supplementation approach led to notable reductions in blood glucose (p=0.001). Furthermore, CTRP3 and IL-33 levels in the three intervention groups were significantly increased compared to the control group (p=0.001). Also, there was a significant decrease in IL-1β levels in the Com, NS, and Com + NS groups relative to the control group (p=0.001). Conclusion: This investigation underscores the potential of Nettle supplementation and Combined training as a synergistic strategy to ameliorate diabetes-related complications and enhance overall metabolic health in women with type 2 diabetes.http://jspac.etb.iau.ir/Article/49044Combined Training Nettle Supplement CTRP3 IL-1β IL-33perIslamic Azad University, East Tehran Branch-IAU- Humanities and social sciencesJournal of Sports Physiology and Athletic Conditioning2783-30382783-30382025-065156271articleThe effect of aerobic exercise on the oxidative stress of brown adipose tissueNazanin Rahmannezhadnazanin1360@yahoo.com1Mohammad Ali Azarbayjaniali.azarbayjani@gmail.com2Saleh Rahmati Ahmadabad salehrahmati@gmail.com3Maghsoud Peerim.peeri@iauctb.ac.ir4Hoseyn fatolahi fatolahy@yahoo.com5Department of Exercise Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Department of Sport Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran Department of Physical Education, Pardis Branch, Islamic Azad University, Pardis, IranDepartment of Physical Education, Pardis Branch, Islamic Azad University, Pardis, IranBrown adipose tissue (BAT) plays a very critical role in controlling obesity and metabolic complications due to thermogenesis (fatty acid conversion into heat). Just as this tissue's natural activity prevents obesity, obesity can also disrupt its function through several mechanisms. This is especially due to the increase in oxidative stress. Many studies have shown that aerobic exercise improves the thermogenic function of BAT and exert an anti-obesity effect. However, aerobic exercise not only improves brown fat tissue function, but also protects it from oxidative damage by increasing its antioxidant defense capacity. Since aerobic exercise with moderate intensity can cause a physiological increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), molecular studies have shown that ROS produced following aerobic exercise can enhance the expression of HSP72, Nrf-2 and SIRT3, and following It enhances the expression of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD, CAT, GPX and hemooxygenase in BAT. Considering that these enzymes (as enzymatic antioxidant defense) inhibit and neutralize all kinds of ROS, BAT's antioxidant defense capacity is increased and disruption of its biological functions is prevented.http://jspac.etb.iau.ir/Article/50619Aerobic exercise brown adipose tissue Nrf-2 and SIRT3perIslamic Azad University, East Tehran Branch-IAU- Humanities and social sciencesJournal of Sports Physiology and Athletic Conditioning2783-30382783-30382025-065157284articleAnalysis of Physical fitness and Anthropometric Fitness with Respect to Ranking in the Iranian National Table Tennis Team SelectionMehran Ahadimehranahadi@yahoo.com1Reza Behdarirezabehdari@gmail.com2Behzad Divkanbehzaddivkan@iau.ir3Background: The aim of the present study was to assess the physical fitness and anthropometric characteristics variables associated with individual performance in elite table tennis players according to ranking. On the direction of this aim 16 male National table tennis Players' Materials and Methods:  participated in this study. Sixteen elite players divided into A players (n = 8; 26 ± 5.14 years) and B players (n = 8;  25.63 ± 4.46 years) participated in the study. According to ranked some physical fitness, physiological and anthropometric variables were recorded of each subject. To determine Physical fitness, participants performed anaerobic power; wingeyt test, Aerobic power; 1600 m running and anthropometric test. Results: A players showed higher values in maximum oxygen consumption and somatotype component. A mesomorph – endomorph somatotype was registered for the lower ranked, On the other hand somatotype of first 8 table tennis players could be defined as ectomorph –mesomorph. The somatotype was predominantly mesomorphic, while better players showed a more ectomorphic somatotype, meaning ecto-mesomorphic. Elite male table tennis players (A players) showed better physical fitness and somatotype compared to B players. Conclusion:: It seems anthropometric and physical fitness are important parameters for performance. The dominance of the ectomorph - mesomorph body type reveals a potential advantage of this body type, that increases the success probability, Due to the scarcity of data on elite table tennis players, these results can serve as reference values for different table tennis practitioners. examine statistical differences between groups and p value < 0.05 was considered to be significant.  http://jspac.etb.iau.ir/Article/50489physical fitness anthropometry Aerobic power Anaerobic power table tennis