Investigation of cardiac function of overweight girls after combined training and kefir buttermilk consumption

perIslamic Azad University, East Tehran Branch-IAU- Humanities and social sciencesJournal of Sports Physiology and Athletic Conditioning2783-30382783-30382024-1141319articleInvestigation of cardiac function of overweight girls after combined training and kefir buttermilk consumption mahsa.ramezanii7373@gmail.com1Masoumeh Hosseinimhbisadi@yahoo.com2 bahareh.raftari@gmail.com3 hosein.fakharnia@gmail.com4Background: Inactivity and obesity are the two main factors related to the possibility of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the cardiac function of overweight girls after performing combined training and consuming kefir buttermilk. Materials and Methods: 40 non-athlete women with an age range of 20-30 years and a body mass index of 25-30 kg/m2 were selected using available methods. The subjects were randomly divided into 4 groups of 10 people, combined training, kefir buttermilk consumption, combined training interaction and kefir buttermilk and control group. The training groups participated in combined resistance and endurance trainings three days a week for 8 weeks. Buttermilk consumption groups consumed 450 ml of kefir buttermilk daily with meals. Analysis of covariance and Tukey's post hoc test were used p≤0.05. Results: The results showed that following combined training and consumption of kefir buttermilk, the heart rate, P-R interval and T wave voltage of overweight girls decreased and increased significantly compared to the control group, respectively, and these changes were greater in the training group and consumption of buttermilk than the training group. These three heart variables in the buttermilk consumption group also decreased and increased respectively, but it was not significant compared to the control group. Conclusion: : Combined training along with consumption of kefir buttermilk can lead to improvement of heart function in overweight girls.http://jspac.etb.iau.ir/Article/47870Cardiac function overweight combined training kefir buttermilkperIslamic Azad University, East Tehran Branch-IAU- Humanities and social sciencesJournal of Sports Physiology and Athletic Conditioning2783-30382783-30382024-114131015articleThe Impact of Physical Activity on Stress: An Overview of Key Mechanisms maedehpoor74@gmail.com1Saleh Rahmatisalehrahmati@gmail.com2 z.entezarikhorasani@iauctb.ac.ir3 balalimarzie@gmail.com4Stress can lead to a range of physical and mental health issues, such as heart disease, obesity, diabetes, anxiety, depression, chronic pain, and sleep problems. It also influences healthy behaviors, including dietary choices, sleep patterns, and substance use. This study examines how physical activity affects stress levels. There is considerable evidence that engaging in regular exercise is an effective strategy for coping with stress, enhancing mental well-being, especially for individuals living with chronic conditions like diabetes, coronary artery disease, and cancer. Moreover, exercise is an accessible and economical approach to managing daily stress. It improves the body's ability to handle stress and affects the central nervous system through hormonal changes, including increased endorphin production after physical exertion. Furthermore, physical activity boosts the transmission of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, dopamine, and adrenaline, which contribute to improved mood and alleviate feelings of depression. Exercise also provides a distraction from stressors, fostering a sense of calm and promoting positive thought patterns. Participating in recreational physical activities cultivates positive emotions and is beneficial for effective stress management, which can further enhance health behaviors and overall well-being..physical activity is recognized as a crucial strategy for managing stress, as it effectively reduces stress levels and enhances overall quality of life through multiple biochemical, physiological, and social pathways. Regular incorporation of exercise into one’s lifestyle can serve as a natural and accessible way to mitigate and manage stress.http://jspac.etb.iau.ir/Article/47799Adrenaline anxiety depression dopamine endorphins health behaviors serotonin synaptic transmission.perIslamic Azad University, East Tehran Branch-IAU- Humanities and social sciencesJournal of Sports Physiology and Athletic Conditioning2783-30382783-30382024-114131628articleA Theoretical Comparison Between Periodization and Non-Periodized Training: A Short Theory ReviewMohammad Bagher Afshar Naserimafsharnaseri@gmail.com1This article concerns periodized and non-periodized training protocols, now widely used to enhance athletic performance conditioning. Periodization is a systematic training protocol that structures training into specific phases. Periodization directly involves optimizing performance results by changing training variables such as intensity, volume, and exercise selection interpretation over time. Periodized training systems are also widely used to manage fatigue levels and reach peak performance at certain moments. On the other hand, however, a non-periodized training outlook involves a regular interchange, where training variables remain unchanged or change consistently. It may offer a more straightforward and more uncomplicated way of approaching training sessions but, as a result, may lead to flat progress. Hence, to clarify a more transparent approach to enhancing performance, this review article provides a more comprehensive theoretical comparison in depth between these methodologies, to try to delve into both conceptual frameworks' understanding, advantages, disadvantages, limitations, and practical applications. This article also aims to represent more literature on the background. While trying to uncover some shadowed parts of the theoretical framework, this article examines some of the impact of periodized strength training on neuromuscular adaptation, muscle hypertrophy and other structural changes, supported by a review of key research findings. Furthermore, the historical development of periodization theory is discussed, outlining the evolution from early practices to contemporary models and assessing its relevance in modern athletic training. The comparison highlights how each approach influences performance, adaptation, and recovery, emphasizing the need for further research to better understand and apply these training methodologies in diverse athletic contexts. The review concludes that while periodization offers structured progression and helps prevent performance plateaus, non-periodized training provides flexibility and may suit specific training scenarios where simplicity is preferred.http://jspac.etb.iau.ir/Article/47792Resistance Training Periodization Strength and Conditioning Performance Maximum Strength.perIslamic Azad University, East Tehran Branch-IAU- Humanities and social sciencesJournal of Sports Physiology and Athletic Conditioning2783-30382783-30382024-114132941articleThe effect of a selected strength training course on the levels of interleukin 6 in active and inactive students masume.taei@gmail.com1 marefati22@gmail.com2 iman.nazerian@gmail.com3alireza babaei mazrenoalireza.babaei.m@gmail.com4     Background: The purpose of this study was the effect of a selected strength training course on interleukin 6 levels of active and inactive students. The current research is semi-experimental. Materials and Methods: The statistical population includes all students Islamic Azad University of Kerman. Among the volunteers, 12 female physical education students were selected as active students and 12 non-physical education female students who do not do any sports activities daily were selected as inactive students. In order to investigate the effect of strength training , they started a 6-week training program . ¬Using the Kolmo-Smirnov ( KS ) test, all variables The studied subjects were evaluated in the ¬studied groups to measure the normality of the distributions and homogeneity of the variances, and the correlated t test was used to compare the researched variables among the groups. Results: In general, the results of the study showed that the average IL-6 index , in both active and inactive groups, decreased due to selected resistance exercises . Also , the effect of selected strength training It is significant on interleukin 6 levels in both groups of active and inactive students. Also, there is a significant difference between the effect of selected strength exercises on interleukin 6 levels of active and inactive students. Conclusion: According to the results of the research on the lowering of interleukin-6 levels as a risk factor and considering the low level of physical activity in inactive people, which ¬will increase the potential of diseases in these people, selected exercises The strength of the present study is recommended in order to improve people's lives and physical health.  http://jspac.etb.iau.ir/Article/47779strength training immune system cytokines ¬interleukin 6perIslamic Azad University, East Tehran Branch-IAU- Humanities and social sciencesJournal of Sports Physiology and Athletic Conditioning2783-30382783-30382024-114134251articleThe Effect of Resistance Training on The Changes in Serum Angiogenesis Stimulating Factors and The Progression of Retinopathy in Diabetic PatientsAlireza Babaei Mazrenoalireza.babaei.m@gmail.com1 IsmailBabaei@yahoo.com2Background: Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most serious complications of Retina microvascular disorder, so the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance training on changes in serum regressive stimulating factors and retinopathy progression in diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: 24 men with type 2 diabetes without retinopathy symptoms were selected purposefully and randomly divided into two groups of 12 experimental controls. The experimental group performed 6 months of resistance training, three sessions per week with 65% intensity and 5% overload after all 6 sessions. Before and after 6 months, growth factor concentrations of vascular endothelium, nitric oxide and fasting blood sugar were measured and recorded, and finally the data were analyzed using correlated t-test, independent t and chi square. The meaning level was less than 0.05. Results: Comparison of pre-test and post-test changes between the control and experimental groups showed that no (P=.001) and VEGF (P=.001) of the subjects after 6 months of resistance training had a significant difference with the control group, but there was no significant difference between the control and experimental groups. Conclusion: A period of resistance training can increase growth factor derived from endothelium and plasma nitric oxide in diabetic patients and it may be hypothesized that exercise, in addition to controlling diabetes through increasing these factors, may also be effective in preventing retinopathy.http://jspac.etb.iau.ir/Article/47277VEGF and NO Endurance training Retinopathy Type 2 diabetesperIslamic Azad University, East Tehran Branch-IAU- Humanities and social sciencesJournal of Sports Physiology and Athletic Conditioning2783-30382783-30382024-114135263articleThe effect of aerobic exercise on JAK/STAT signaling pathwayAmir Hesam Salmasi Fardhesam.salmasi@gmail.com1Mohammad Ali Azarbayjanim_azarbayjani@iauctb.ac.ir2 riazirad@yahoo.com3 m.peeri@iauctb.ac.ir4 hasanmatinhomaee@gmail.com51. Department of Sports Physiology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranJAK/STAT is one of the key pathways in cell proliferation, growth, and differentiation. In most tissues, this path is known as the cause of inflammation and, in some cases, the induction and progression of diseases. In contrast, aerobic exercise regulates and modulates cell signaling by affecting signaling pathways and inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines. In this article, we investigate the effect of aerobic exercise on the JAK/STAT signaling pathway.Classified articles were searched from reliable international and Iranian scientific databases. Articles were extracted from scientific databases such as Pubmed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. Also, articles were extracted from the scientific databases of Iran Magiran, SID, and Civilica. Out of 45 articles, 13 met this review article's criteria. Aerobic exercise affects the JAK/STAT signaling pathway in various tissues and organs. According to research results, aerobic exercise activates or inhibits this pathway differently depending on the tissue type. These effects of aerobic exercises were different in research tissues and models.Therefore, we emphasize the importance of further research on this signaling pathway and its response to exercise, especially aerobic exercise, to fully understand its effects and consequences. This research is necessary and significant in the field of exercise physiology and immunology.http://jspac.etb.iau.ir/Article/48234aerobic exercise JAK STAT